History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 1; July 1.
(a) "Agreement" means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances and from rules, regulations, and procedures given the effect of agreements under laws otherwise applicable to a particular transaction.
(b) "Automated transaction" means a transaction conducted or performed, in whole or in part, by electronic means or electronic records, in which the acts or records of one or both parties are not reviewed by an individual in the ordinary course in forming a contract, performing under an existing contract or fulfilling an obligation required by the transaction.
(c) "Computer program" means a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in an information processing system in order to bring about a certain result.
(d) "Contract" means the total legal obligation resulting from the parties' agreement as affected by this act and other applicable law.
(e) "Digital signature" means a type of electronic signature consisting of a transformation of an electronic message using an asymmetric crypto system such that a person having the initial message and the signer's public key can accurately determine whether:
(1) The transformation was created using the private key that corresponds to the signer's public key; and
(2) the initial message has not been altered since the transformation was made.
(f) "Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic or similar capabilities.
(g) "Electronic agent" means a computer program or an electronic or other automated means used independently to initiate an action or respond to electronic records or performances in whole or in part, without review or action by an individual.
(h) "Electronic record" means a record created, generated, sent, communicated, received or stored by electronic means.
(i) "Electronic signature" means an electronic sound, symbol or process attached to or logically associated with a record and executed or adopted by a person with the intent to sign the record.
(j) "Governmental agency" means an executive, legislative, or judicial agency, department, board, commission, authority, institution or instrumentality of the federal government or of a state or of a county, municipality or other political subdivision of a state.
(k) "Information" means data, text, images, sounds, codes, computer programs, software, databases or the like.
(l) "Information processing system" means an electronic system for creating, generating, sending, receiving, storing, displaying or processing information.
(m) "Message" means a digital representation of information.
(n) "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, governmental agency, public corporation or any other legal or commercial entity.
(o) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
(p) "Registered certification authority" means a person providing certification of a digital signature who is, or is certified by, a member of the group of certification authorities approved by and registered with the secretary.
(q) "Secretary" means the Kansas secretary of state.
(r) "Security procedure" means a procedure employed for the purpose of verifying that an electronic signature, record or performance is that of a specific person or for detecting changes or errors in the information in an electronic record. The term includes a procedure that requires the use of algorithms or other codes, identifying words or numbers, encryption, callback or other acknowledgment procedures.
(s) "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
(t) "Transaction" means an action or set of actions occurring between two or more persons relating to the conduct of business, insurance, commercial or governmental affairs.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 2; July 1.
(b) This act does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by:
(1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils or testamentary trusts; and
(2) the uniform commercial code, other than K.S.A. 84-1-107 and 84-1-206 and articles 2 and 2a of chapter 84 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto.
(c) This act applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this act under subsection (b) to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b).
(d) A transaction subject to this act is also subject to other applicable substantive law.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 3; July 1.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 4; July 1.
(b) This act applies only to transactions between parties each of which has agreed to conduct transactions by electronic means. Whether the parties agree to conduct a transaction by electronic means is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct.
(c) A party that agrees to conduct a transaction by electronic means may refuse to conduct other transactions by electronic means. The right granted by this subsection may not be waived by agreement.
(d) Except as otherwise provided in this act, the effect of any of its provisions may be varied by agreement. The presence in certain provisions of this act of the words "unless otherwise agreed", or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement.
(e) Whether an electronic record or electronic signature has legal consequences is determined by this act and other applicable law.
(f) The uniform electronic transactions act does not require any person to use electronic signatures.
(g) Any state agency that offers or provides the option of using an electronic signature to persons doing business with that state agency shall establish written standards governing the use of those electronic signatures as follows:
(1) On or before December 31, 2002, for electronic signature applications that are in use by the state agency before July 1, 2002; or
(2) before offering or providing the option of using an electronic signature for any applications implemented on or after July 1, 2002.
(h) The uniform electronic transactions act does not require any person to use or permit the use of digital signatures.
(i) The secretary of state shall adopt rules and regulations governing the use of digital signatures by state agencies. Each state agency offering or providing the option of using a digital signature to persons doing business with that state agency shall implement digital signatures in a manner consistent with the regulations of the secretary of state, except that the state agency may adopt rules and regulations governing that agency's use of digital signatures that exceed the minimum standards established by the rules and regulations of the secretary of state.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 5; L. 2002, ch. 183, § 4; July 1.
(a) To facilitate electronic transactions consistent with other applicable law;
(b) to be consistent with reasonable practices concerning electronic transactions and with the continued expansion of those practices; and
(c) to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this act among states enacting it.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 6; July 1.
(b) A contract may not be denied legal effect or enforceability solely because an electronic record was used in its formation.
(c) If a law requires a record to be in writing, an electronic record satisfies the law.
(d) If a law requires a signature, an electronic signature satisfies the law.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 7; July 1.
(b) If a law other than this act requires a record (1) to be posted or displayed in a certain manner, (2) to be sent, communicated or transmitted by a specified method, or (3) to contain information that is formatted in a certain manner, the following rules apply:
(A) The record must be posted or displayed in the manner specified in the other law.
(B) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d)(2), the record must be sent, communicated or transmitted by the method specified in the other law.
(C) The record must contain the information formatted in the manner specified in the other law.
(c) If a sender inhibits the ability of a recipient to store or print an electronic record, the electronic record is not enforceable against the recipient.
(d) The requirements of this section may not be varied by agreement, but:
(1) To the extent a law other than this act requires information to be provided, sent or delivered in writing but permits that requirement to be varied by agreement, the requirement under subsection (a) that the information be in the form of an electronic record capable of retention also may be varied by agreement; and
(2) a requirement under a law other than this act to send, communicate or transmit a record by first-class mail, may be varied by agreement to the extent permitted by the other law.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 8; July 1.
(b) The effect of an electronic record or electronic signature attributed to a person under subsection (a) is determined from the context and surrounding circumstances at the time of its creation, execution or adoption, including the parties' agreement, if any, and otherwise as provided by law.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 9; July 1.
(a) If the parties have agreed to use a security procedure to detect changes or errors and one party has conformed to the procedure, but the other party has not, and the nonconforming party would have detected the change or error had that party also conformed, the conforming party may avoid the effect of the changed or erroneous electronic record.
(b) In an automated transaction involving an individual, the individual may avoid the effect of an electronic record that resulted from an error made by the individual in dealing with the electronic agent of another person if the electronic agent did not provide an opportunity for the prevention or correction of the error and, at the time the individual learns of the error, the individual:
(1) Promptly notifies the other person of the error and that the individual did not intend to be bound by the electronic record received by the other person;
(2) takes reasonable steps, including steps that conform to the other person's reasonable instruction, to return to the other person or, if instructed by the other person, to destroy the consideration received, if any, as a result of the erroneous electronic record; and
(3) has not used or received any benefit or value from the consideration, if any, received from the other person.
(c) If neither paragraph (a) nor paragraph (b) applies, the change or error has the effect provided by other law, including the law of mistake, and the parties' contract, if any.
(d) Subsections (b) and (c) may not be varied by agreement.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 10; July 1.
(b) The secretary of state is hereby authorized to promulgate rules and regulations establishing procedures for an electronic notarization.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 11; L. 2004, ch. 126, § 2; July 1.
(1) Accurately reflects the information set forth in the record after it was first generated in its final form as an electronic record or otherwise; and
(2) remains accessible for later reference.
(b) A requirement to retain a record in accordance with subsection (a) does not apply to any information the sole purpose of which is to enable the record to be sent, communicated or received.
(c) A person may satisfy subsection (a) by using the services of another person if the requirements of that subsection are satisfied.
(d) If a law requires a record to be presented or retained in its original form, or provides consequences if the record is not presented or retained in its original form, that law is satisfied by an electronic record retained in accordance with subsection (a).
(e) If a law requires retention of a check, that requirement is satisfied by retention of an electronic record of the information on the front and back of the check in accordance with subsection (a).
(f) A record retained as an electronic record in accordance with subsection (a) satisfies a law requiring a person to retain a record for evidentiary, audit or like purposes, unless a law enacted after the effective date of this act specifically prohibits the use of an electronic record for the specified purpose.
(g) This section does not preclude a governmental agency of this state from specifying additional requirements for the retention of a record subject to the agency's jurisdiction.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 12; July 1.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 13; July 1.
(a) A contract may be formed by the interaction of electronic agents of the parties, even if no individual was aware of or reviewed the electronic agents' actions or the resulting terms and agreements.
(b) A contract may be formed by the interaction of an electronic agent and an individual, acting on the individual's own behalf or for another person, including by an interaction in which the individual performs actions that the individual is free to refuse to perform and which the individual knows or has reason to know will cause the electronic agent to complete the transaction or performance.
(c) The terms of the contract are determined by the substantive law applicable to it.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 14; July 1.
(1) Is addressed properly or otherwise directed properly to an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record;
(2) is in a form capable of being processed by that system; and
(3) enters an information processing system outside the control of the sender or of a person that sent the electronic record on behalf of the sender or enters a region of the information processing system designated or used by the recipient which is under the control of the recipient.
(b) Unless otherwise agreed between a sender and the recipient, an electronic record is received when:
(1) It enters an information processing system that the recipient has designated or uses for the purpose of receiving electronic records or information of the type sent and from which the recipient is able to retrieve the electronic record; and
(2) it is in a form capable of being processed by that system.
(c) Subsection (b) applies even if the place the information processing system is located is different from the place the electronic record is deemed to be received under subsection (d).
(d) Unless otherwise expressly provided in the electronic record or agreed between the sender and the recipient, an electronic record is deemed to be sent from the sender's place of business and to be received at the recipient's place of business. For purposes of this subsection, the following rules apply:
(1) If the sender or recipient has more than one place of business, the place of business of that person is the place having the closest relationship to the underlying transaction.
(2) If the sender or the recipient does not have a place of business, the place of business is the sender's or recipient's residence, as the case may be.
(e) An electronic record is received under subsection (b) even if no individual is aware of its receipt.
(f) Receipt of an electronic acknowledgment from an information processing system described in subsection (b) establishes that a record was received but, by itself, does not establish that the content sent corresponds to the content received.
(g) If a person is aware that an electronic record purportedly sent under subsection (a), or purportedly received under subsection (b), was not actually sent or received, the legal effect of the sending or receipt is determined by other applicable law. Except to the extent permitted by the other law, the requirements of this subsection may not be varied by agreement.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 15; July 1.
(1) Would be a note under article 3 of chapter 84 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto or a document under article 7 of chapter 84 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto if the electronic record were in writing; and
(2) the issuer of the electronic record expressly has agreed is a transferable record.
(b) A person has control of a transferable record if a system employed for evidencing the transfer of interests in the transferable record reliably establishes that person as the person to which the transferable record was issued or transferred.
(c) A system satisfies subsection (b), and a person is deemed to have control of a transferable record, if the transferable record is created, stored and assigned in such a manner that:
(1) A single authoritative copy of the transferable record exists which is unique, identifiable, and, except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (4), (5) and (6), unalterable;
(2) the authoritative copy identifies the person asserting control as:
(A) The person to which the transferable record was issued; or
(B) if the authoritative copy indicates that the transferable record has been transferred, the person to which the transferable record was most recently transferred;
(3) the authoritative copy is communicated to and maintained by the person asserting control or its designated custodian;
(4) copies or revisions that add or change an identified assignee of the authoritative copy can be made only with the consent of the person asserting control;
(5) each copy of the authoritative copy and any copy of a copy is readily identifiable as a copy that is not the authoritative copy; and
(6) any revision of the authoritative copy is readily identifiable as authorized or unauthorized.
(d) Except as otherwise agreed, a person having control of a transferable record is the holder, as defined in K.S.A. 84-1-201(20), and amendments thereto, of the transferable record and has the same rights and defenses as a holder of an equivalent record or writing under the uniform commercial code, including, if the applicable statutory requirements under K.S.A. 84-3-302(a), 84-7-501, or 84-9-308, and amendments thereto are satisfied, the rights and defenses of a holder in due course, a holder to which a negotiable document of title has been duly negotiated, or a purchaser, respectively. Delivery, possession, and indorsement are not required to obtain or exercise any of the rights under this subsection.
(e) Except as otherwise agreed, an obligor under a transferable record has the same rights and defenses as an equivalent obligor under equivalent records or writings under the uniform commercial code.
(f) If requested by a person against which enforcement is sought, the person seeking to enforce the transferable record shall provide reasonable proof that the person is in control of the transferable record. Proof may include access to the authoritative copy of the transferable record and related business records sufficient to review the terms of the transferable record and to establish the identity of the person having control of the transferable record.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 16; July 1.
(1) Register with the secretary on forms approved and provided by the secretary;
(2) pay to the secretary an annual filing fee of $1,000;
(3) file with the secretary a good and sufficient surety bond, certificate of insurance or other evidence of financial security in the amount of $100,000; and
(4) be approved by the secretary as meeting the requirements of any rules and regulations adopted by the secretary, as the secretary determines appropriate, to ensure the person's financial responsibility and condition, character, qualifications and fitness to be a registered certification authority.
(b) A registered certification authority shall create, maintain and preserve all records that are necessary to demonstrate compliance with rules and regulations adopted by the secretary.
(c) If any person who is approved and registered with the secretary as a registered certification authority fails to maintain any of the qualifications listed in subsection (a) and (b) or otherwise required by rules and regulations of the secretary, the person's registration shall be deemed lapsed.
(d) Any person who violates or fails to comply with this section and any provision related to registered certification authority and the rules and regulations of the secretary promulgated pursuant to K.S.A. 16-1618, and amendments thereto, upon notice and hearing, shall be subject to a civil penalty not to exceed $10,000 per failure or violation.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 17; July 1.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 18; July 1.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 19; July 1.
History: L. 2000, ch. 120, § 20; July 1.